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Sci-Fi subgenres are in my humble opinion a bit like country music; it is hard to define exactly what can be considered subgenres of sci-fi.
Others have mentioned hard sci-fi; emphasis on Science, military sci-fi; self-explanatory, Space Opera; humanity in space, doing what humanity has always done..
As a consequence of dispositions by some editors past of science fiction magazines (SF&F), somehow fantasy was seen as a valid extension warranting a subgenre, deservedly or not.
Ballardian is a nice general phrase for all dystopian fiction which may or may not contain an element of Cli-Fi, short for climate fiction; Novels about how we will all burn, freeze, or drown to death, while novels such as Orwell’s 1984 may now be considered non-fiction and historical documentary.
One might wish for a subgrenre to identify Futurism, or Scientism; old and almost forgotten terms for conveying an optimistic and hopeful view of the future.
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